t.spot covid
HIGHLIGHTS
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TSPOT.COVID is an ELISpot interferon gamma-release assay for SARS-CoV-2
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TSPOT.COVID identifies a T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 and N peptides
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2–8 weeks post SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis TSPOT.COVID detected 98% of infections
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In comparison, immunoglobulin G (IgG) serology detected 83% of infections in the same period
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Cellular immune response activated sooner and lasted longer than antibodies
Abstract
Objective
Methods
Results
Conclusion
Introduction
). The T-SPOT.COVID test was developed to identify the presence of SARS-CoV-2-responsive T cells.
;
;
). T cells can provide immune memory lasting for months (
) and perhaps years, as suggested by the discovery of T cells to the SARS-CoV-1 coronavirus 17 years after infection (
). T cells may act independently of antibodies to control a SARS-CoV-2 infection, as shown by the recovery of COVID-19 patients who lack detectable antibodies but have SARS-CoV-2-responsive T cells (
;
). T cells also show reactivity to numerous SARS-CoV-2 epitopes, so have the potential to protect against many SARS-CoV-2 variants (
;
). T cell-based assays can probe the longevity of an immune response following a SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination (
;
;
). These various roles suggest that a T cell assay can be a key contributor to SARS-CoV-2 investigations.
;

). The T-SPOT.COVID ELISpot methodology is performed in many laboratories and offers a standardized comparison of T cell immunity among participants. In addition, ELISpot assays normalize the number of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), thus maintaining test effectiveness in participants with lymphopenia, a commonly reported condition in many COVID-19 patients (
) and immunosuppressed people.
Materials and Methods
2.1 Participant recruitment
). Participants in the confirmed-infection group were recruited from asymptomatic and symptomatic patients who had had a positive SARS-CoV-2 NAAT result within the past 9 months. The date of the first positive NAAT result was considered the date of diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blood was drawn for Abbott SARS-CoV-2 chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) anti-N IgG serology and T-SPOT.COVID tests between 0 to 249 days after diagnosis.
2.2 T-SPOT.COVID test
COVID-19 Spike Protein a.a. 1000-12000 |
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00223-V-100ugvial | Virogen | 100 ug/vial | EUR 150 |
Description: COVID-19 Spike Protein a.a. 1000-12000 |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP7 Peptide |
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9155P | ProSci | 0.05 mg | EUR 235.5 |
Description: SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP7 Peptide |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP8 Peptide |
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9159P | ProSci | 0.05 mg | EUR 235.5 |
Description: SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP8 Peptide |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP9 Peptide |
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9161P | ProSci | 0.05 mg | EUR 235.5 |
Description: SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP9 Peptide |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP9 Peptide |
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9163P | ProSci | 0.05 mg | EUR 235.5 |
Description: SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP9 Peptide |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP8 Peptide |
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9167P | ProSci | 0.05 mg | EUR 235.5 |
Description: SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP8 Peptide |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP2 Peptide |
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9171P | ProSci | 0.05 mg | EUR 235.5 |
Description: SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP2 Peptide |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP2 Peptide |
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9173P | ProSci | 0.05 mg | EUR 235.5 |
Description: SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP2 Peptide |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP4 Peptide |
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9175P | ProSci | 0.05 mg | EUR 235.5 |
Description: SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP4 Peptide |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP6 Peptide |
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9177P | ProSci | 0.05 mg | EUR 235.5 |
Description: SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP6 Peptide |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) ORF6 Peptide |
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9189P | ProSci | 0.05 mg | EUR 235.5 |
Description: SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) ORF6 Peptide |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) ORF8 Peptide |
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9287P | ProSci | 0.05 mg | EUR 235.5 |
Description: SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) ORF8 Peptide |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) ORF8 Peptide |
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9289P | ProSci | 0.05 mg | EUR 235.5 |
Description: SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) ORF8 Peptide |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP7 Antibody |
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9155-002mg | ProSci | 0.02 mg | EUR 229.7 |
Description: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), formerly known as 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS virus (1). The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak (2). The structure of 2019-nCoV consists of the following: a spike protein (S), hemagglutinin-esterease dimer (HE), a membrane glycoprotein (M), an envelope protein (E) a nucleoclapid protein (N) and RNA. NSP7 plays a role in viral RNA synthesis (3,4,5). It forms a hexadecamer with nsp8 (8 subunits of each) that may participate in viral replication by acting as a primase. Alternatively, it may synthesize substantially longer products than oligonucleotide primers. |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP7 Antibody |
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9155-01mg | ProSci | 0.1 mg | EUR 594.26 |
Description: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), formerly known as 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS virus (1). The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak (2). The structure of 2019-nCoV consists of the following: a spike protein (S), hemagglutinin-esterease dimer (HE), a membrane glycoprotein (M), an envelope protein (E) a nucleoclapid protein (N) and RNA. NSP7 plays a role in viral RNA synthesis (3,4,5). It forms a hexadecamer with nsp8 (8 subunits of each) that may participate in viral replication by acting as a primase. Alternatively, it may synthesize substantially longer products than oligonucleotide primers. |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP8 Antibody |
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9159-002mg | ProSci | 0.02 mg | EUR 229.7 |
Description: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), formerly known as 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS virus (1). The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak (2). The structure of 2019-nCoV consists of the following: a spike protein (S), hemagglutinin-esterease dimer (HE), a membrane glycoprotein (M), an envelope protein (E) a nucleoclapid protein (N) and RNA. NSP8 plays a role in viral RNA synthesis (3,4,5). Forms a hexadecamer with nsp7 (8 subunits of each) that may participate in viral replication by acting as a primase. Alternatively, it may synthesize substantially longer products than oligonucleotide primers (6). |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP8 Antibody |
|||
9159-01mg | ProSci | 0.1 mg | EUR 594.26 |
Description: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), formerly known as 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS virus (1). The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak (2). The structure of 2019-nCoV consists of the following: a spike protein (S), hemagglutinin-esterease dimer (HE), a membrane glycoprotein (M), an envelope protein (E) a nucleoclapid protein (N) and RNA. NSP8 plays a role in viral RNA synthesis (3,4,5). Forms a hexadecamer with nsp7 (8 subunits of each) that may participate in viral replication by acting as a primase. Alternatively, it may synthesize substantially longer products than oligonucleotide primers (6). |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP9 Antibody |
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9161-002mg | ProSci | 0.02 mg | EUR 229.7 |
Description: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), formerly known as 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS virus (1). The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak (2). The structure of 2019-nCoV consists of the following: a spike protein (S), hemagglutinin-esterease dimer (HE), a membrane glycoprotein (M), an envelope protein (E) a nucleoclapid protein (N) and RNA. NSP9 may participate in viral replication by acting as a ssRNA-binding protein (3). |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP9 Antibody |
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9161-01mg | ProSci | 0.1 mg | EUR 594.26 |
Description: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), formerly known as 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS virus (1). The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak (2). The structure of 2019-nCoV consists of the following: a spike protein (S), hemagglutinin-esterease dimer (HE), a membrane glycoprotein (M), an envelope protein (E) a nucleoclapid protein (N) and RNA. NSP9 may participate in viral replication by acting as a ssRNA-binding protein (3). |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP9 Antibody |
|||
9163-002mg | ProSci | 0.02 mg | EUR 229.7 |
Description: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), formerly known as 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS virus (1). The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak (2). The structure of 2019-nCoV consists of the following: a spike protein (S), hemagglutinin-esterease dimer (HE), a membrane glycoprotein (M), an envelope protein (E) a nucleoclapid protein (N) and RNA. NSP9 may participate in viral replication by acting as a ssRNA-binding protein (3). |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP9 Antibody |
|||
9163-01mg | ProSci | 0.1 mg | EUR 594.26 |
Description: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), formerly known as 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS virus (1). The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak (2). The structure of 2019-nCoV consists of the following: a spike protein (S), hemagglutinin-esterease dimer (HE), a membrane glycoprotein (M), an envelope protein (E) a nucleoclapid protein (N) and RNA. NSP9 may participate in viral replication by acting as a ssRNA-binding protein (3). |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP8 Antibody |
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9167-002mg | ProSci | 0.02 mg | EUR 229.7 |
Description: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), formerly known as 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS virus (1). The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak (2). The structure of 2019-nCoV consists of the following: a spike protein (S), hemagglutinin-esterease dimer (HE), a membrane glycoprotein (M), an envelope protein (E) a nucleoclapid protein (N) and RNA. NSP8 plays a role in viral RNA synthesis (3,4,5). Forms a hexadecamer with nsp7 (8 subunits of each) that may participate in viral replication by acting as a primase. Alternatively, it may synthesize substantially longer products than oligonucleotide primers (6). |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP8 Antibody |
|||
9167-01mg | ProSci | 0.1 mg | EUR 594.26 |
Description: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), formerly known as 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS virus (1). The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak (2). The structure of 2019-nCoV consists of the following: a spike protein (S), hemagglutinin-esterease dimer (HE), a membrane glycoprotein (M), an envelope protein (E) a nucleoclapid protein (N) and RNA. NSP8 plays a role in viral RNA synthesis (3,4,5). Forms a hexadecamer with nsp7 (8 subunits of each) that may participate in viral replication by acting as a primase. Alternatively, it may synthesize substantially longer products than oligonucleotide primers (6). |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP2 Antibody |
|||
9171-002mg | ProSci | 0.02 mg | EUR 229.7 |
Description: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), formerly known as 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS virus (1). The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak (2). The structure of 2019-nCoV consists of the following: a spike protein (S), hemagglutinin-esterease dimer (HE), a membrane glycoprotein (M), an envelope protein (E) a nucleoclapid protein (N) and RNA. NSP2 may play a role in the modulation of host cell survival signaling pathway by interacting with host PHB and PHB2. Indeed, these two proteins play a role in maintaining the functional integrity of the mitochondria and protecting cells from various stresses (3). |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP2 Antibody |
|||
9171-01mg | ProSci | 0.1 mg | EUR 594.26 |
Description: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), formerly known as 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS virus (1). The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak (2). The structure of 2019-nCoV consists of the following: a spike protein (S), hemagglutinin-esterease dimer (HE), a membrane glycoprotein (M), an envelope protein (E) a nucleoclapid protein (N) and RNA. NSP2 may play a role in the modulation of host cell survival signaling pathway by interacting with host PHB and PHB2. Indeed, these two proteins play a role in maintaining the functional integrity of the mitochondria and protecting cells from various stresses (3). |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP2 Antibody |
|||
9173-002mg | ProSci | 0.02 mg | EUR 229.7 |
Description: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), formerly known as 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS virus (1). The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak (2). The structure of 2019-nCoV consists of the following: a spike protein (S), hemagglutinin-esterease dimer (HE), a membrane glycoprotein (M), an envelope protein (E) a nucleoclapid protein (N) and RNA. NSP2 may play a role in the modulation of host cell survival signaling pathway by interacting with host PHB and PHB2. Indeed, these two proteins play a role in maintaining the functional integrity of the mitochondria and protecting cells from various stresses (3). |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP2 Antibody |
|||
9173-01mg | ProSci | 0.1 mg | EUR 594.26 |
Description: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), formerly known as 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS virus (1). The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak (2). The structure of 2019-nCoV consists of the following: a spike protein (S), hemagglutinin-esterease dimer (HE), a membrane glycoprotein (M), an envelope protein (E) a nucleoclapid protein (N) and RNA. NSP2 may play a role in the modulation of host cell survival signaling pathway by interacting with host PHB and PHB2. Indeed, these two proteins play a role in maintaining the functional integrity of the mitochondria and protecting cells from various stresses (3). |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP4 Antibody |
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9175-002mg | ProSci | 0.02 mg | EUR 229.7 |
Description: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), formerly known as 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS virus (1). The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak (2). The structure of 2019-nCoV consists of the following: a spike protein (S), hemagglutinin-esterease dimer (HE), a membrane glycoprotein (M), an envelope protein (E) a nucleoclapid protein (N) and RNA. NSP4 participates in the assembly of virally-induced cytoplasmic double-membrane vesicles necessary for viral replication (3)(4). |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP4 Antibody |
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9175-01mg | ProSci | 0.1 mg | EUR 594.26 |
Description: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), formerly known as 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS virus (1). The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak (2). The structure of 2019-nCoV consists of the following: a spike protein (S), hemagglutinin-esterease dimer (HE), a membrane glycoprotein (M), an envelope protein (E) a nucleoclapid protein (N) and RNA. NSP4 participates in the assembly of virally-induced cytoplasmic double-membrane vesicles necessary for viral replication (3)(4). |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP6 Antibody |
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9177-002mg | ProSci | 0.02 mg | EUR 229.7 |
Description: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), formerly known as 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS virus (1). The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak (2). The structure of 2019-nCoV consists of the following: a spike protein (S), hemagglutinin-esterease dimer (HE), a membrane glycoprotein (M), an envelope protein (E) a nucleoclapid protein (N) and RNA. NSP6 plays a role in the initial induction of autophagosomes from host reticulum endoplasmic. Later, it limits the expansion of these phagosomes that are no longer able to deliver viral components to lysosomes (3,4). |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP6 Antibody |
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9177-01mg | ProSci | 0.1 mg | EUR 594.26 |
Description: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), formerly known as 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS virus (1). The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak (2). The structure of 2019-nCoV consists of the following: a spike protein (S), hemagglutinin-esterease dimer (HE), a membrane glycoprotein (M), an envelope protein (E) a nucleoclapid protein (N) and RNA. NSP6 plays a role in the initial induction of autophagosomes from host reticulum endoplasmic. Later, it limits the expansion of these phagosomes that are no longer able to deliver viral components to lysosomes (3,4). |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP10 Peptide |
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9179P | ProSci | 0.05 mg | EUR 235.5 |
Description: SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) NSP10 Peptide |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) ORF6 Antibody |
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9189-002mg | ProSci | 0.02 mg | EUR 229.7 |
Description: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), formerly known as 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS virus (1). The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak (2). The structure of 2019-nCoV consists of the following: a spike protein (S), hemagglutinin-esterease dimer (HE), a membrane glycoprotein (M), an envelope protein (E) a nucleoclapid protein (N) and RNA. ORF6 disrupts cell nuclear import complex formation by tethering karyopherin alpha 2 and karyopherin beta 1 to the membrane. Retention of import factors at the ER/Golgi membrane leads to a loss of transport into the nucleus. Thereby it prevents STAT1 nuclear translocation in response to interferon signaling, thus blocking the expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) that display multiple antiviral activities(3). |
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) ORF6 Antibody |
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9189-01mg | ProSci | 0.1 mg | EUR 594.26 |
Description: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), formerly known as 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS virus (1). The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak (2). The structure of 2019-nCoV consists of the following: a spike protein (S), hemagglutinin-esterease dimer (HE), a membrane glycoprotein (M), an envelope protein (E) a nucleoclapid protein (N) and RNA. ORF6 disrupts cell nuclear import complex formation by tethering karyopherin alpha 2 and karyopherin beta 1 to the membrane. Retention of import factors at the ER/Golgi membrane leads to a loss of transport into the nucleus. Thereby it prevents STAT1 nuclear translocation in response to interferon signaling, thus blocking the expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) that display multiple antiviral activities(3). |